Development of indigestible IgA antibody for restoring microbiome balance

Dysbiosis, especially in the gut plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. At mucosal surfaces, mucosal polymeric immunoglobulin A（IgA）antibodies are known to be important to regulate the gut microbiota as well as to exclude infection induced by pathogenic bacteria or virus such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2）. Since the 1970s, oral administration of IgA or IgG antibodies has been performed against infectious enteritis caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli or Clostridioides difficile. However, none of them has been successfully developed as an antibody drug up to now. Although IgA is well known to modulate the gut commensal microbiota, the therapeutic IgA drugs to treat dysbiosis has not been developed. Here, we discuss the advantages of therapeutic IgA antibodies.Alternate :抄録Dysbiosisは、健康な微生物叢と比較した微生物組成の変化であり、腸内微生物多様性の減少および微生物分類群の変化を特徴とする。腸内のdysbiosisはまた、炎症性腸疾患、結腸直腸がん、心血管疾患、肥満、糖尿病および多発性硬化症を含むさまざまな疾患の病因において重要な役割を果たすと提唱されている。腸の多量体免疫グロブリンA（IgA）抗体は、腸内微生物叢を調節するだけではなく、病原性細菌、インフルエンザやSARS-CoV-2（重症急性呼吸器症候群コロナウイルス2）などのウイルス感染を粘膜部位から排除するのに重要であることが、多くのエビデンスから示されている。1970年代以降、治療用IgAまたはIgGの経口投与試験が、主に病原性大腸菌またはディフィシル菌によって引き起こされる感染性腸炎を治療するために行われてきた。しかし、現在まで臨床応用として開発に成功したものはない。腸内病原体に対する防御機能に加えて、IgAは腸内共生微生物叢を調節して共生に導くことがよく知られているが、dysbiosisを治療するためのIgA治療薬の開発も進んでいない。本稿では、治療用IgA抗体の利点とその開発について議論する。

Beneficial Flavonoid in Foods and Anti-obesity Effect

Obesity is a global health problem. In the past decades, the prevalence rate of obesity has risen sharply in epidemiology. Obesity has become an increasingly severe epidemic burden linked with different kinds of diseases, consisting of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, and even in COVID-19. Beneficial flavonoids in foods, as functional ingredients, combat obesity and maintain energy balance through multiple mechanisms. This review provides a brief overview of biological targets, possible mechanisms and the current therapeutic interventions including suppressing appetite, increasing energy consumption, regulating gut microbiota, inhibiting adipogenesis, anti-inflammation. In vitro and in vivo experiments as well as available clinical evidence related to the anti-obesity effects of pure flavonoid and flavonoid-rich extracts are also summarized and depicted. Furthermore, the metabolism and bioavailability of flavonoids are also concluded and discussed. Beneficial flavonoids have become promising candidates for treating and avoiding obesity, but poor bioavailability and short elimination half-life affects the absorption and efficacy. This paper reviews the different types of flavonoids and their potential effect of preventing obesity, which provide the basis for further research.

Use of Probiotics in Treatment and Rehabilitation of Patients after a New Coronavirus Infection

As of January 2022, 343 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 were reported globally. COVID-19 is a multi-faceted, multi-systemic illness in which all age groups are susceptible. A number of research findings have shown that COVID-19 is associated with dysbiosis, leading to the development of local and systemic pathologies. It was found that the use of probiotics in the complex therapy of patients with COVID-19 reduces the severity of the disease and the development of complications. According to the researchers, several mechanisms could explain the therapeutic effect of probiotics, including the ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine formation and modulate the functional activity of the immune system. In Russia, probiotics in the treatment of COVID-19 patients are only used to correct diarrhea, while literature suggests that probiotics have much greater therapeutic potential. Introducing oral bacterial therapy into the treatment and rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients requires further clinical trials. © 2022 Rostovskii Gosudarstvennyi Meditsinskii Universitet. All rights reserved.

The potential use of probiotics in alleviating psychological symptoms of long covid-19

IDDF2022-ABS-0207 Figure 1ConclusionsA potential connection exists between the psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 and the gut microbiome. These findings also provide insights on probiotics as a potential adjunctive treatment to conventional psychotropic medications in alleviating psychiatric sequelae post COVID-19.

Autopsy Histopathologic Cardiac Findings in 2 Adolescents Following the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Dose/In Reply

The authors correctly stated that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) performed testing for SARS-CoV-2 and found no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in autopsy tissues from the decedents. Molecular analysis included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on nucleic acid extracted from FFPE heart tissue, including SARS-CoV-2 and enterovirus reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays2,3 and conventional PCR for parvovirus B19. Clostridium septicum produces multiple toxins that cause necrosis of striated muscle cells9,11 and inhibit influx of neutrophils to infected tissues;indeed, paucity of neutrophilic infiltrates in tissues infected with C septicum is considered a hallmark of this disease.9,12 Clostridium septicum is not considered normal flora of the human intestinal tract,13,14 but rather an opportunistic invader of immunologically compromised hosts, particularly persons with colonic adenocarcinoma, leukemia, diabetes, bowel ischemia, or cyclic, congenital, or acquired neutropenia.7,8 Spontaneous infections have been described for a few pediatric patients with no recognized risk factor and for whom microscopic breaches in the mucosa of the large intestine were considered the likely portal of entry.8,15 No representative samples of the small or large intestine were provided to the IDPB for evaluation;however, histologic evidence of bacterial invasion of the external surfaces of the adrenals, kidneys, liver, and spleen support an intraabdominal source of infection. The findings and conclusions in this letter are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0084-LE In Reply.-We thank the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch laboratory for performing these tests and for sharing the full extent of its workup.

Use of the Genus Satureja as Food Supplement: Possible Modulation of the Immune System via Intestinal Microbiota During SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Satureja genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family, and they are used in food products and by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The chemical composition of Satureja is responsible for its pharmacological and phytochemical properties. Among the various biological activities, notably antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal, Satureja also has a potential antiviral activity. The existence of a microbiota modulation potential by Satureja in farming animals has also been reported. Viral pathologies are one of the main causes of disease in the world. It is commonly known that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the fight and progression of viral infection. Previous studies conducted on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have proved an imbalance in the intestinal and pulmonary microbiota via gut-lung axis. Knowing the properties of Satureja and its traditional use, one can suggest the possibility of using it as dietary supplement to modulate immune system in order to prevent and fight viral infections. The objective of this review is to reveal the potential impact of medicinal plants such as Satureja genus as a food supplement, on immune enhancing during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their relationships with the intestinal microbiota.

Progress in Understanding the Health Promoting Effect of Egg Yolk Immunoglobulin

As an important immuneoactive component in eggs, yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) shows great competitiveness in research and production due to its good stability, high safety, low cost, easy availability, strong immune activity, and no drug resistance. This article highlights the significant advantages of IgY as a good antibiotic substitute in the prevention and treatment of viral and bacterial diseases. Also, IgY has great potential in the regulation of nutrient metabolism balance, intestinal microflora and immune homeostasis by affecting key rate-limiting enzymes, and relevant receptors and inflammatory factors specifically. Proper diet and targeted delivery of foodborne IgY may be a new perspective on inflammation regulation, disease control, nutritional balance or homeostasis, and oral microencapsulated IgY is expected to be a new approach against increasing public health emergencies (such as COVID-19 pandemic). © 2022, China Food Publishing Company. All right reserved.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Severity—The Gut Microbiome as a Common Player Mediating Systemic Inflammation via Gut Barrier Dysfunction

The novel corona virus that is now known as (SARS-CoV-2) has killed more than six million people worldwide. The disease presentation varies from mild respiratory symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome and ultimately death. Several risk factors have been shown to worsen the severity of COVID-19 outcomes (such as age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity). Since many of these risk factors are known to be influenced by obstructive sleep apnea, this raises the possibility that OSA might be an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity. A shift in the gut microbiota has been proposed to contribute to outcomes in both COVID-19 and OSA. To further evaluate the potential triangular interrelationships between these three elements, we conducted a thorough literature review attempting to elucidate these interactions. From this review, it is concluded that OSA may be a risk factor for worse COVID-19 clinical outcomes, and the shifts in gut microbiota associated with both COVID-19 and OSA may mediate processes leading to bacterial translocation via a defective gut barrier which can then foster systemic inflammation. Thus, targeting biomarkers of intestinal tight junction dysfunction in conjunction with restoring gut dysbiosis may provide novel avenues for both risk detection and adjuvant therapy.

OBEMIRISK‐Knowledge platform for assessing the risk of bisphenols on gut microbiota and its role in obesogenic phenotype: looking for biomarkers

“Obemirisk – Knowledge platform for assessing the risk of Bisphenols on gut microbiota and its role in obesogenic phenotype: looking for biomarkers” was a knowledge transfer project funded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) that integrated a multidisciplinary team from Spain, France, Belgium, Slovakia and Poland. This project aimed to strengthen the knowledge capacity to assess the risk of bisphenol A and several structural analogues on gut microbiota that could mediate the obesogenic phenotype in childhood. Protocols and methodologies from different fields such as chemical analysis (food and biosamples), nutrition (surveys and questionnaires), microbiology (culturomics and metagenomics), and gene reporter assay (AhR‐Ligand) have been applied and shared. Several data generated under the project are available under open publications and databases for the Consortium and scientific community. Common documents and publications integrating data from endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), bisphenols, microbiota dysbiosis and obesity were elaborated. A networking and specific capacity‐building programmes have been implemented to produce and share the new data on bisphenols data food composition, microbiota and its impact on obesity between providers and recipients’ partners. Scientific exchanges and specific designed courses provided training for students in the risk characterization related domains. The project was mainly focused on the bisphenols´ presence in consumed foods by Spanish children and in several children biosamples (saliva, urine, nails, and hair). Moreover, a pilot project on obese vs. normal‐weight children allowed to determine the obesity‐linked microbiota dysbiosis through metagenomics and specific biomarkers of the dysregulated microbiota‐immune system axis (AhR‐Ligands). The Obemirisk project applied a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach to establish scientific data compilation for harmonising risk assessment and to perform trainings on next generation of risk assessment where microbiome disruption might become a robust biomarker to be used in food safety. Several aspects of the process of capacity building have been mainly conceptual due to the COVId‐19 pandemic and will be further implemented through presential exchanges. Moreover, the consortium work strategy can also propose further EU collaborations for refining and elucidating the impact and mechanisms of bisphenols altering human microbiomes and triggering obesity. The knowledge, analyses and the integrative approach will be extrapolated for other foods, age ranges, geographical areas, and other biomatrices.For grant agreements: © OBEMIRISK consortium, 2022